The media & role in society Essay Example for Free

The media role in indian lodge EssayThe media plays a crucial role in society. It is responsible for developing viewpoints by the images it represents. People form opinions through what the media provides. However, more often than not, the media is also responsible for presenting inaccurate and biased images which greatly influence the perception of masses. Naturally, the wrong kind of copy sends the wrong kind of message. The 2004 movie Crash is a good example of how the media promotes unfair judgment, as its story increased the stereotyping of blacks through the negative depiction of iodin of its black regions. The movie Crash is not a typical necessitate with one story told in a linear fashion. Instead, it presents multiple vignettes woven in a web of a single narrative. In essence, the movie is close to the different knows of pile living in Los Angeles. It features the life of a police researcher and his lover partner, 2 car thieves, a locksmith, a store owner, a TV director and his wife, the district attorney and his wife, and 2 police officers. While the stories of the geeks atomic number 18 introduced to each others lives through car crashes, these ar more importantly connected by one thing racial disagreement.The issue of look sharp sits at the core of the story, as the film exhibits the conflict created by the various races of people residing in Los Angeles. All races are represented in the movie African-American, Asian, tweed and Hispanic. These races collide in the story and the end result reveals the prejudices they have against each other. The story of each extension ends differently while whatever change for the better, some remain the corresponding. Hence, Crash can be considered as the film which explores racial discrimination and its consequences through the point of view of diverse personalities.Upon watching the movie, Director capital of Minnesota Haggis seems to convey two messages through his masterpiece. He inten ded the audience to recognize two realities that are often overlooked. First, he wanted to show that everyone is guilty of racial discrimination. Regardless of which race a person dies to, this person may have judged another based on their race. The traditional notion is that only neat people are guilty of having prejudice towards African-Americans and other races. However, the movie showed that those who are often victims of racial discrimination are also guilty of participating in it.The help reality that Haggis intended to show through his film is the interconnectedness of people. No matter how different people are, they are all linked in the society they live in. He showed that actions of one individual affect the actions of another, which explains the gravity of the consequences of racial discrimination in society. Thus, the intention of the filmmaker was to open the eyes of the audience to the highest degree two realities. Crash can be considered as a remarkable piece of c inema, but it does have its flaws. It is an award-winning film with a socially pertinent story to convey.Nevertheless, despite the films noble intention to preach against racial discrimination, it is guilty of giving a negative depiction of African-Americans, specifically the event of Anthony. Anthony, who was played by rapper Chris Ludacris Bridges, is a young African-American man who is a thief by profession. With his friend Peter Waters (portrayed in the film by actor Larenz Tate), Anthony steals vehicles to be sold to a chop shop. In fact, the first time they appear in the movie is when they steal the Lincoln sailing master which the Rick and Jean Cabot (Brendan Fraser and Sandra Bullock) own.However, it is not only the act of stealing that gives Anthonys character its negative portrayal. It was the discrepancy between his attitude and actions that set him in a negative light. Anthony is depicted as an African-American fighting against the racial discrimination of his race. W hen Anthony first appears on screen, he was ranting to Peter about the unequal intercession he received from the African-American waitress. He complains that he was not served at the same speed as white customers, despite the fact that the waitress was of the same color as he.At this point, the audience recognizes Anthonys awareness of the racial discrimination African-Americans suffer in society, sometimes even from people of the same racial background. Then, Anthony reveals his hatred of white people when Rick and Jean Cabot walk towards their direction he becomes enraged when the Jean clings closer to her husband when she sees Anthony and Peter. Eventually, both men office the white couple out of their vehicle and steal their vehicle. Throughout the story, Anthony continues to react against the discrimination of blacks in society.He says that he would not hurt his fellow African-Americans, though by the latter part of the story he broke this promise. The depiction of Anthonys c haracter is negative because it shows the audience the contradictory nature of African-Americans. Anthony is a character who strongly opposes the unfair treatment against his race. Initially, such fervent opposition may seem as a good thing. However, his own actions encourage others to discriminate about him. While he hates the way white people discriminate against African-Americans, he gives these people enough reason to unfairly judge his race.The fear of white people towards blacks originates from the crimes or criminal activities that African-Americans are associated with. Instead of doing good things and proving society wrong about black people, he steals cars and justifies the fear. At one point, he even robbed an African-American man (Cameron Thayer as played by Terrence Howard). In addition, his actions also reflect his discrimination of others. He has extreme hatred of white people. Just as the white people discriminate against them, he also discriminates against them.He is also guilty of racial discrimination towards Asians he ran over an Asian man he called Chinaman. Hence, the character of Anthony was depicted in a negative light as an African-American man who does not like to be discriminated but participates in the discrimination of others. The character of Anthony is also depicted negatively because it follows the stereotype of African-Americans in media. The media has often portrayed African-Americans as involved in criminal or illegal activities. The portrayal of Anthony is no exception.He was a young black man who lived on stealing other peoples vehicles. A stereotype is a representation of those who belong to a specific group which upholds common belief or unjustified bias. The stereotype of African-Americans in the media paints an unpleasant picture of a race, as it presents them as citizens who disesteem the law. Due to Anthonys depiction in the film Crash, this stereotype remains. Again, African-Americans are categorized as those that a re not capable of living without breaking the laws. In real life, this is not the case.While there are black people who are involved in criminal activities, there are also African-Americans who live honest lives and earn money through hard work. Because of the stereotype that is used in the movie, the doings of those who abide by the laws are discredited while the behavior of those who break the laws overshadow them. The negativity of a portrayal or depiction is based on the unpleasant or unfair presentation of a character. For instance, Anthony is negatively depicted because the movie upheld the stereotype of black people being criminals.The existence of such stereotype is obviously pleasant and remarkably unfair. As was earlier established, not everyone from the African-American community is involved in illegal activities. Because Anthony was portrayed as a car thief in the movie, the general perception of people that blacks are criminals still remain. Through Anthonys negative p ortrayal, the movie contributed to the existing stereotype of African-American people. Crash by Paul Haggis is a movie which explores racial discrimination in Los Angeles. It highlights the existing tension between different cultures and races.While it is a distinctly fine film, it contributed to the stereotyping of African-Americans through the negative portrayal of the character of Anthony. By presenting a black man as a criminal who also discriminates against others, the movie helped little in improving the general perception of black people in society. Instead, it furthers the publics unfavorable opinion about people of color. Therefore, the story of the movie Crash increased the stereotyping of a group. Reference Reimer, R. , Korbelin, J. , Grasic, M. (Producers) Haggis, P. (Director). (2004). Crash Motion picture. United States Lionsgate.

Impact of the Textile Industry on Pakistans Economy

Impact of the stuff Indus attack on Pakistans EconomyCHAPTER 1The study investigated the effects of material assiduity on the growth of prudence of Pakistan before and after establishment of human beingly concern workmanship organization, 1995. The aim of the study was to emendr insight close the effects of fabric sedulousness on the growth of Pakistans frugality.The reason for selecting the topic The effects of material industry on the growth of economy of Pakistan before and after establishment of military personnel trade organization, 1995 was to explore this topic in Pakistan that how our fabric industry is directly affects our economy. Although there are m both researches conducted secure to explore that how Pakistans economy is affected before and after the establishment of worldly concern trade organization.Industry is considered as the basic element of any bucolic particularly fabric industry contri barelyes signifi dismisstly to the countrys GDP (Gross domestic product), merchandises as tumefy as employment. The stuff industry is iodine of the most important empyreans of Pakistan. It is, in fact, the lynchpin of the Pakistani economy. It has a total established spinning capacity of 1550 jillion kgs of narration, weaving capacity of 4368 cardinal square meters of fabric and finishing capacity of 4000 billion square meters. The industry has a proceeds capacity of 670 zepion units of garments, 400 million units of knitwear and 53 million kgs of towels.The industry has a total of 1221 units engaged in ginning and 442 units engaged in spinning. There are or so 124 king-size units that undertake weaving and 425 junior-grade units. There are around 20600 power looms in public manifestation in the industry. The industry likewise houses around 10 large finishing units and 625 small units.Pakistani stuff industry has about 50 large and 2500 small garment manufacturing units. More all over, it likewise houses around 600 k nitwear-producing units and 400 towel-producing units.According to Dr. Mirza Ikhtiar Baig (2010) the current global situation of the stuff industry and the contri entirelyion of the Pakistan in global material industry is the important subject of our topic. The textile demand in the world increase massively in last few decades. The global helping of the textile increase about 18$ trillion and it is judge to increase 6.5% in future year. China is known as the major exporter country of the textile goods in the world. The world wide textile export is around 400$ billion. The Asian Countries defy the major carry on in global textile export .The assign of the mainland China is around 55$ billion, the share of the Hong Kong is around 38$ billion, the share of the Korea is around 35$ billion, the share of the Taiwan is around 16$ billion and the share of the Indonesia is around 9$ billion, India also emerged as the major exporter of textile goods. In case of Pakistan, Pakistan al so emerged as the textile exporter in the world. Pakistan emerged as the major exporter of the cotton fiber and cotton yarn, Pakistan export the 30% of textile cotton yarn and 8% cotton fabric to the world. Pakistan total textile export is 7.4$ billion in 2002 which account the 1.2% share in the world textile export. Pakistan mostly exports the textile tippy materials to the world and did non export the value added items, this is the main job of Pakistan textile celestial sphere. Pakistan should learn from Bangladesh who imports the raw cotton from Pakistan and other countries and then made the value added items and export it to the world. If we want to increase our textile revenue then we center on on the value added items in future exports.1 TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN Nationwide Financial SystemFabric visualization-2005 has been aimed at an open market, unique, market driven and vibrant textile sector, which is globally incorporated, worldwide spirited and across-the-boardy outf it to abuse the opportunities shaped by Fabric goods are the vital individual necessities after then food. Textile sector in Pakistan playing the important role in the growth of our national economy, it has the big share in our GDP growth rate. It is playing the unfertile role in our export sector, employment sector and investment sector. It has the major share in our foreign change earnings. It has the largest share in our manufacturing sector. Textile share in overall manufacturing is about 46% foreign export earning is about 68% and 38% share in services sector. In spite of the governments efforts to metamorphose the exports sector and as well as industrial sector, the textiles sector of Pakistan still the backbone of industrial activity in the country.FABRIC VISUALIZATION 2005According to come off (2005) Fabric visualization 2005 is a vision about the new techniques introduce in sector. The vision about the, free entry and exist, barrier free markets, idea of competitive m arkets, dynamic and innovative which is internationally integrated and fully equipped to exploit opportunities created by the Multi Fiber arrangement at international level. At present Pakistan hold the 8th position in Asian countries Pakistan send away take the 5th or 4th position if Pakistan fully exploits the opportunities created by MFA.THE FUTURE AND maturement OF THE TEXTILE EXPORTSThe study of the textile industry is heavily depending upon the GATT rounds which ultimately become the reason of the establishment of WTO in 1995. The main agenda of the GATT rounds is to obligation of quotas system, unilaterally, bilaterally, multilaterally in the textile sector. It means that there go out be no quota on textile products. Pakistan is also the member of the GATT rounds and then after the member of the WTO and the benefits of the GATT rules. In GATT rounds and WTO, the States and EU was in favor of the some restriction on Chinas textile exports. Pakistan and India treated most favorite nation because both are the founding nations.1.1.3. QUOTA NATIONS PART IN PSKISTANS TEXTILE EXPORTS ground forces44.5%EU50%CANADA1.7%TURKEY3.6%1.1.4. STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS OF PAKISTANThe share of the textile sector of overall world export is around 6%, which is accounted nearly370$ billion. The share of the clothing goods is around 210$ billion and remaining the share of the yarn and raw cotton. In case of Pakistan, the textile sector has the major share in Pakistan export. The 60% to 70% export of the Pakistan is depend on the textile sector which is accounted nearly 7$billion in year 2002-2003.The share of the raw cotton and yarn is about 30% and share of the fabric is nearly 35% (Ayesha Fayyaz, 2010).1 The 15 EU members countries are the highly developed countries of the world and they are the main importers of textile goods. On 1st may 2004 the ten others countries are also join the EU, these 10 newly members are comparatively less developed and much economical to analyse with 15 countries thus EU companies relocate their units in those countries for cheap textile manufacturing and export more textile goods. The EU export increased and became 11% of the world textile export.2. The EU members countries increase the employment level in this sector. Thats why they are more focus on education of this sector. The 2.5 to 3.5 million people are employed in this sector.3. Presently another threat of Pakistani exporter is that if EU withdraws his 0% duty under EU GSP scheme, then Pakistani exporters stage the damages in her expert volume.4. In case of the USA more than one million people are employed in the textile sector. In USA there are thousands of companies who produce the textile goods. The companies mainly in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia and state of Alabama. These state protested against the 0% duty on textile goods. After the establishment of WTO and Asian crises nearly 250 units shut down and more then two laces people lost their jobs. Thus in 2004-2005 the USA governance impose the quota with different percentage on textile goods.Composition of Quota GoodsUSAEUCANADATURKEYTOTALFabric69%12.4%Quota free2.2%21.5%Garments30%18.4%1.1%0%49.5%Made Up7.6%17.2%0.6%0%25.4%YarnQuota free2.2%Quota free1.4%3.6%Total44.6%52.2%1.7%3.6%100%At present USA will also center on on the high tech textile goods to compete the modern world. USA focuses on non-woven, particularly focus on the hygiene products like childrens diapers and wipes, feminine hygiene, large(p) incontinence and highly end fashion items, particularly for womens wear.USA and EU wants the better market access to their textile products and on the other hand they also want to implement the rules of the WTO on tariffs, quota and intellectual prop rights. They also want to implement the rules which are mentioned in GATS and WTO like environmental conditions, laborers facilities, wage rate and tax revenue collection system. Pakistani exporters will prepare to fight these challenges of the modern world.USA imposes safety measures on textile exports, which can also effect on Pakistan exports, but the Pakistani exporters having the chance to get the benefit from the quota restriction on China and Vietnam imposed by the USA in 2005 as cited in Dawn password the Economist Magazines (2000).Corporation in different sectors is key to success if the Pakistan Government and the private sectors cooperate with each other it is beneficial for the Pakistan textile industry. The government should be encouraged of production of MMF synthetics, and the private sector should be encouraged the buffer stock scheme of cotton and stock pile schemes. The Government should reduce the duties on textile machinery and other equipments. The Pakistan Government should provide the facilities to the exporters to start the business. The cost of start new business in Pakistan is very high to compare with the regional countries so the Government, Ministry of Commerce and Stat Bank of Pakistan should take steps to facilitate the business man. The ministry of Commerce focuses on three weakest links in the textile like dying, marketing and ginning.The Government of Pakistan and State bank of Pakistan should provide loans to the exporters to din her businesses and improve the feel of the goods at international standard. The interest rate on the loans must be low to compare with market.1.1.5. RISE IN FABRIC EXPORTS MANUFACTURING IN PAKIn international market there sharp propaganda against the quality of the Pakistan textile products. Pakistan faced the challenges of the high quality and the competition with the regional countries. After the abolition of the textile quota from January 2005 Pakistan surprised the all competitive countries to increase its global share of exports and get additional foreign exchange. Pakistan also improve its quality of the textile products thats became the reason to earn extra revenue.According to The Natio ns Money magazine (2005) after the abolition of the quota free world trade on textile products the Pakistan textile sector earns 3.6$ billion through exporting textile products, which show the 10% growth over the corresponding period of the last year. The different textile experts having the opinion that the textile exports of the Pakistan is anticipate to increase 5$ billion during the first half a dozen months after the abolition of the quota regime (January June 2005). The total export of the year 2004- 2005 is expected to increase 8.5$ billion.In 11 months of year 2005 the textile industry of Pakistan earn 7.70$ billion worth of foreign exchange earnings, which show the significantly increase in the foreign exchange earnings to compare with the previous years. In May 2005 the textile exports of the Pakistan increase 830$ million as against 650$ million in April, its show the enjoyable trend in textile sector of Pakistan.The Pakistani textile manufacturers are very optimistic in nature and want to increase the international share, and they cast target to increase the exports around 10$ billion US dollars. The textile industry can achieve this target if the industry is steadily increase its exports share in the international market. The Pakistani textile manufacturers claim that the textile products such as, yarn, fabrics, cloth and bed linen are the most competitive items in the world, the quality of these products are very fine to compare with other world. These items have a major share in our overall textile exports. They claim that the leading textile producers and the exporters of the world like China, Germany, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka import these products from Pakistan and convert them into high fashion items and export the world.After few months of establishing the quota-free global trade of textile, the knitwear and readymade garment sectors in Pakistan faced a pressure, but now these two segments of the Pakistan textile industry also show imp rovement in manufacturing of the products. The other segments of the Pakistan textile like yarn, bed linen, clothing, are doing well before and after the new WTO regime. Since 1999 to 2005 a sizeable investment nearly 5$ billion to 6$ billion US dollars are invested in Pakistan, which have pleasant effects on local textile industry.There is huge investment in Pakistan textile industry this investment developed the textile sector. The investment in the textile sector is divided between different segments of the industry. The spinning has made 46% of the total investment the weaving sector has made 24%. Textile processing has made 12%, made-up 8%, knitwear and garments 5%and 5% invest in the synthetic textile sector. The textile industry of Pakistan is expected to receive investment more than 6$ billion US dollars by the year 2010 and this investment will increase the capacity and the quality of the products.According Tariq Mahmood performing chairman all Pakistan mills association Th e USA imposed some restriction on Chinese textile products this restriction is also beneficial for the Pakistan textile exporters. The EU and USA gives the bulk of the textile orders to the Pakistan because the Pakistan has the capacity to achieve the target on time. Presently the USA and Europe became the major market of Pakistan textile products, and Pakistan generates large amount of the revenue. .Soon after launching the quota-free international trade under the rules of WTO, Chinese started marketing their textile products vigorously in the USA, Europe and other major consumer countries of the world and wants to capture the local market. This behavior of the china badly damaged the local textile industry of the Europe and USA, and ultimately this became the reason of the trade struggle between china and EU, USA so the EU and USA wants to impose some restriction on textile products. For the last few days a tug of war started between china and USA on the issues of the revaluation of the Yuan (Chinese currency), Dumping, terrifies and this war between USA and China is beneficial for the Pakistan textile sector.The Tsunami reckon had also become the reason of the development of the Pakistani textile industry, because Tsunami heavily damaged the textile industry of the Indonesia, India and Bangladesh.The re-location of the textile industry in EU and USA had also beneficial for the Pakistani textile exporters, because they mostly fulfils there textile needs from Pakistan. They import the different products from Pakistan and used it in her products. The textile industry of Pakistan had equipped itself at the international standard after the abolition of the quota system and imports the advanced textile machinery to improve the capacity and quality.The textile sector invest more than 4$billion US dollars in last four to five years, investment on the latest machinery, infrastructure, communication, expansion, manpower and designing. The industry believes that thi s investment in industry will comfortably meet the up comings challenges of the advanced world.Cotton is the basic need of the textile industry, and Pakistan is the leading producer of the cotton in the world. Pakistan producing the 12 to 14 million bales of the cotton annually. The Government of Pakistan should take step to promote the research on cotton which increases the production and the quality of the cotton through research on cotton we can produce the disease free cotton. After the abolition of the quota system the textile industry has believe to need the 16 million bales of cotton annually, the 14 million of bales produce locally and 2 million of bales import from the other countries. If we focus on the research we can fulfils the need of textile industry, and also export the other countries.1.1.6. Complication and Problems in Textile InvestmentLack of road and rail network facilities in the country.Poor management by the different political agencies.Bad governance and po or law and order condition in the country (especially in Karachi and Khyber Pukhtunkhawah.Bad image of Pakistan portrayed by the international media and international agencies.Warnings, which are issued by the foreign countries to their citizens to stop travelling of Pakistan is also the big hurdle in Pakistan development.Pakistan is the member of the WTO and signs many international agreements like intellectual property rights and international arbitration agreements which enforce Pakistan to obey the rules.Poor communication facilities are also the major hurdle in Pakistan textile development.Corruption in political department is also the major issue of the Pakistan development.Severe electricity shortfall in the country.Financial instability in the country which became the reason of the decrease in foreign investment.Our utility rates are too much high to compare with the regional countries.Our tax collection system is very weak, which also one of the main hurdle in our developm ent.Energy crises in the country (crises in natural gas/ crises in the accessibility of petrol).The good quality soft irrigate is not available for our textile sector (especially in Karachi).Negative impact of SROs culture.1.2. MOTIVATION OF RESEARCHThere is a need to explore the factors influencing the overall productivity and development of the textile industry of Pakistan and the problems faced by the textile industry of Pakistan, so that it can help the policy makers to shape the different policies to tackle with the non-homogeneous issues of the textile industry, and it can only be done with the help of the research.There is a need to conduct study on this topic so that it can be beneficial for the individuals as well as the Pakistans economy. The issues faced by the textile industry at current need to be studied and can only be purposed through proper policy implications.There is a need to explain the various factors affecting the textile industry of Pakistan so that the p olicy makers have an idea to explore the responsiveness of the textile industry due to current trade policies which will in turn help them to come in the different policy measures to enhance the textile industry in our country.1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONIt is believed that the textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and successfulness of the economy depends largely on the development of this sector. Here in this research, an attempt is made to study the effect of textile industry on the growth of the economy before and after the establishment of WTO (1995) from 1947 till current. The basic research question arises from the discussion is that whether the textile industry contributed positively towards economic growth in the country? The research tries to find out the accurate answers of this question by using econometric models.1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and prosperity of the econo my depends largely on the development of this sector. This study was conducted how the textile industry is contributing significantly towards economic growth1.4.1 HYPOTHESISH0 Textile industry does not directly related to the development of the economy.H1 Textile industry directly related to the development of the economyCHAPTER 2 BACKGROUNDAccording to Dawn watchword the Economist Magazines (2008), in 1947 after self-rule, only two textile mills were working with 80,000 spindles and 3,000 looms. At that time our domestic need was 8 % only.1950The organized development of cotton textile mills started in the late 50s. In 1952 PIDC and in 1953 Vatika Textile Mill at Karachi was organized.1960By mid 60s about 180 units of textile bleaching, printing and processingunits in Pakistan. A number of spinning units comp travel of only 12,500 spindles were set up. Newly established mills were based upon imported technology but there was lack of technical staff and shortage of capitals. Pakis tans textile industry has lost its comparatively more prominent position of the 1960s and 1970s, and today holds a little over 2 per cent of the world market. Pakistan enjoyed a very dynamic performance in the 1960s, and was among the leading underdeveloped countries that were emerging in the world cotton textile market. In fact, Pakistans record was quite envious, as between 1962 and 1970 it cornered over 11 per cent of the world market (Admin, 2010).1970During the era of 70-71 there were 113 textile units and the industry had 2,605 spindles and 30 thousands looms. After the separation of East Pakistan, Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan was established this meant that most of the private sector was taken over by the state. The textile industry suffered heavy looses because the export cotton controlled by CEC (Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan), and the import of machinery was made difficult due to shortages of foreign exchange (Admin, 2010).1980This phase brought a relief t o the textile Industry of Pakistan. There was a rapid growth in spinning sector. Till 1980-81 spinning continued to expand to 4033 thousand spindles in 203 spinning units, and working capacity amounted to 2833 thousand spindles. The textile sector holds a very important position in Pakistans economy in terms of employment value added and exports. It has the highest manufacturing value added for any industry amounting to 17.5 per cent. Similarly, about one-third of the entire manufactured employment is in the textile sector. In terms of exports, approximately 30 per cent of Pakistans total export came from cotton textiles in 1990/1, up from 20 per cent in 1982-3. Cotton yarns contribution to exports increased from 10 in 1982 to 18 percent in 1990.1990Machinery for producing garments and made-up was also freed from import duty. As a result, a huge expansion in the spinning sector took place in the first five years of the 1990s. World demand for good quality, wide width fabrics grew a nd replacement and a modernization process started. With these developments, production and export value-added items such as bed-sheets and home furnishing started. Structural changes with the replacement of outdated machinery and modernization in the industry still continued inview of world competition. In 1991-92 Pakistan produced a record high crop of 12.8 million bales.1993 to 1998 Pakistan recorded a development of 101% per year in cloth manufacture bit its position is third after China and India in the world wide yarn manufacturing. The place of Pakistans textile manufacturing relatively race and further following the full execution of WTO (World Trade Organization) contract from 2005 beyond when a period of open trade will establish internationally. In 2000-2001 Pakistans Cotton production and consumption was some equal around 10.45 million bales (Arshiya Fayyaz, 2008).World Trade Organization and textile industryWorld Trade Organization (WTO) a foreign organization which confine deal between member countries, witness after nationwide trade contracts and resolves disputes when they arise (Business dictionary, 2010).According to Kimberly Amadeo, the WTO (World Trade Organization) is a set where associate administration goes, to try to solve the trade issues they face with one another. At its heart are the WTO agreements, discussed and noticed by the volume of the worlds dealing states. But the WTO is not just about relaxing trade, but in some conditions its rules hold up trade blockade for example to defend clients, avoid the increase of virus or look after the atmosphere.World Trade Organizations (WTO) Impact on Textile Industry in PakistanAccording to Jabir Rafique The contract on fabric and clothes, which were ingredient of the Uruguay Round trade discussions aim to abolish the component of inequity in textile and clothing. An agreement on textile and clothing (ATC) actually does is to give marketplace entre to ontogenesis nations and does thes e throughout two belongings.A amalgamationB development tariffWe should not observe the scientific feature of ATC (agreements on textile and clothing) now, but focus on what is happening since January 1, 2005. There is a crowd of questions that would turn into greatly important for trade in textiles and apparel. Pakistans exports of textiles and apparel are probable to rise 8-billion us dollars score in 2003-04 to previous years about US$7-billion exports, current sky-scraping equipment casualtys of yarn not withstanding. Pakistan will face equally intimidation and opportunities from January 1, 2005.The fundamental problem which will crash exports in 2004, but not yet determined areWhether the EU (European Union) and U.S.A. will permit carry-forward in 2004 as demand by all rising nations.Whether delivery received January 1, 2005 beyond will be free irrespective of the year of delivery or may be, for these, qualified quota permit could be essential, or these supplies may be drove back or taken away by customs.How the EU make a strategy to contract with free activities of supplies from the 10 fresh associate nations which will connect the Europe union on May 1, 2004.Pakistan by no means is receptive to completely use part available to it usually, 25% of the quotas stay unutilized. The proportion consumption of quotas remains unutilized. In 2002, an entirety amount of 4,646 million cube meters be offered to Pakistan from the listed nations. An amount of 1,147 million stays unutilized. Per unit price obtain in 2002 the unutilized value explains US$600 million (Osaka Senken, 2004).Cotton and fabrics have the greatest industrialized base. In the previous years, the section of knitwear, blanket, dry items and chosen stuff of handy clothes have shown an significant increasing trend in exports. Though, the Pakistani cloth mill is comparatively weak in artificial fiber goods, natural fiber clothes and fancy clothing.The impact of complete addition is probable to h it this sector hard. Because of back-loading, the limitations would stay in place till the end of 2004. As a result, no alteration era would be offered to the manufacturing. This unexpected swap from a particular(a) to a open atmosphere would surely attach to the alteration difficulties of untrained units (Osaka Senken, 2004).The further influential feature since January 1, 2005 will beSkills on which there has not been adequate center until now. The customary vision of negotiators, so as to contemptible employment and a rich delivery of yarn is not true any longer.After that is user flavor. Requirement for cotton and for fabric and clothing is common. So we should develop a spirited benefit on the goods and services that we had a relatively gain on it.While there will be no restrictions on exports however rivalry from China and the Asian tigers with apparent additions in the non-tariff fence should be kept in view.Uruguay round was established because it was thought that in year 2 005 this round would be a round to end other rounds. EU, lacquer and other countries made a lobby to initiate a new round. In November 2001, 4th WTO Ministerial meeting, the Doha expansion program, basically the start of a new polygonal trade negotiation round was certified. Fresh problems were raised, and these problems were discussed in 2005. The 5th Ministerial Conference commence in Cancum, Mexico gave the notion that the urbanized world required to eat its cake and have it too.On the other hand the unpleasant act, skill, transformation, important reserves, marketplace, particular tax talks and particular local planning should be followed.To sum up, the Pakistani cloth manufacturing should not relay on usual marketplace, models and conventional ways, because there is no assurance that the offered model will persist as it is..CHAPTER 3LITERATURE REVIEWDr. Noor Ahmed Mammon, (2010) analyzed the establishment and development of the denim sub sector. According to him, the weaving part in Pakistan generally is pay intense attention to the significant success of the denim sub sector. The clothing industry of Pakistan openly benefits from the latest developments in the denim adding up advanced price to the textile formed in Pakistan. The Denim area in Pakistan still much smaller in terms of scale is leading the system for the satisfying industry.Aftab A Khan Mehreen Khan (2010) examine the challenges of this decades, and examine that Pakistan faces the toughest challenges in this decades. According to their research the internal condition of Pakistan is very bad and the exporters face the huge challenges. The exporters of Pakistan face crises of electricity breakdown, Shortfall of Gas, high inflation rate, political instability, terrorism, high interest rate, and problem of the foreign visas. According to their report the Government of Pakistan should take steps to solve these problems because textile industry is backbone of our exports.Jodie Keane et al, (2 008) examine the job of fabric and clothing industry in enlargement and expansion strategies in developing countries. They propose that textile and clothing industry are significant in economic and social conditions, in the short-run by providing income, jobs, particularly for women, and foreign exchange receipts and in the long-run by providing countries the chance for continued economic growth. According to them, the potential of the fabric and clothing industry to contribute to long-run expansion and progress will depend not only on the characteristics of the investor, but also on the worth as well as efficiency of government policies and institutions in rising countries to put up on this deal.Dr. A. Ali Mohammad Munir (2008) analyzed the Pakistans textile export in international market. They analyze that the share of the bed wear, towels and knitwear has increased over the last six to seven years and they became the major export of our textile sector. The share of the other tex tile items like hosiery, denim and other textile items remained inactive and changed marginally. The study also tell that after the quota free regime in textile the competition increased too much so Pakistan need to focus on the quality of the product.Afia Malik, (2004) examines the situation of Pakistan textile industry after the establishment of WTO (1995). After the establishment of WTO in 1995 the trade

Economic impact of tourism in the Mauritian economy

Economic invasion of touristry in the Mauritian prudence4.1 creative activityTourism is a major(ip) pillar of the Mauritian economy. According to estimates for 2010, the touristry industry has contributed Rs 39,456 million to the Mauritian economy and has provided direct employment to 27,161 workers. The contribution of touristry to GDP at basic price stands at 7.4% in 2010. This fact is indicative of the importance of the tourism sector to the Mauritian economy.To evaluate the encroachment of tourism on frugal growth in Mauritius, a logarithm-linear case will be estimated. However, sparing growth may not be influenced only by tourism, but there ar withal other macro economic factors which may have an establish on growth. As such, these factors will be taken into consideration in the puzzle. The model consists of standard unsettled stars such as Investment (INV), Exports (EXP) and Inflation (CPI), as well as unrivaled variable (TRP) which will be used to quantify the impact of tourism, such as tourism pass on. Real GDP per capita is used as a reference variable in baseball club to demonstrate the impact of tourism on economic growth.4.2 Types of Data4.2.1Primary DataPrimary knowledge is collected on source and is not been subjected to processing or any other manipulation. The most(prenominal) common methods to collect primary info consist of surveys, interviews and focus groups. As such, primary research entails the use of immediate data and is collected by the researcher particularly to meet up the research objective of the subsisting project.Making use of primary data implies that researchers are collecting information for the specific purposes of their study. As such, the questions the researchers ask are tailored to extract the data that will help them with their study. However, it is prison term consuming and costly to collect such data.4.2.2 supplementary DataSecondary data consists of pre-existing information which is not gathere d for the purpose of the current research. Secondary data is readily available and inexpensive to obtain. In addition, such data can be examined over a longer period of time. Secondary data includes information from the census, a companys financial position and safeguard records such as their injury rates, or other government statistical information such as the number of workers in different sectors.In junior-grade data, information relates to a past period and as such, it lacks aptness and has unsatisfactory value. The drawback is that often the reliability, accuracy and integrity of the data is uncertain. However, it is easier to collect such data and longitudinal study may be possible.4.3 Model SpecificationA simple log-linear Cobb-Douglass production function is used to measure the impact of tourism on economic growth in Mauritius. The equation is as followsGDP = f (INV, TRP, CPI, EXP)Consider the following model, known as an exponential regression modelGDPt = 0 INVt 1 TRPt 2 CPIt 3 EXPt 4 e t (4.2.1)which may be expressed alternatively aslnGDPt = ln0 + 1lnINVt + 2lnTRPt + 3lnCPIt + 4lnEXPt + t (4.2.2)where ln is the natural log (i.e log to the base e, and where e = 2.7183)Equation 4.2.2 can be written aslnGDPt = C + 1lnINVt + 2lnTRPt + 3lnCPIt + 4lnEXPt + t (4.2.3)where C = ln0Therefore, the transformed model isln GDPt = C + 1 ln INVt + 2 ln TRPt + 3 ln CPIt + 4 ln EXPt + tWhere ln GDP Log of real gross domestic product per capitaln INV Log of coronationln TRP Log of tourism receipts per capitaln CPI Log of consumer price index used as a proxy for inflationln EXP Log of exportsC Constant termt unobjectionable noise disturbance termIn the above log-linear model, the dependent variable, GDP, is expressed as a linear function of four other independent variables, also known as the explanatory variables, namely INV, TRP, CPI and EXP. It is often assumed for such log-linear model that the causal relationships which may exist, flow only in one directio n, namely from the explanatory variables to the dependent variable.The parameters of the model can be estimated by using the Ordinary Least Square method, if the assumptions of the classical linear regression model are fulfilled. As such,GDPt* = C + 1 INVt* + 2 TRPt* + 3 CPIt* + 4 EXPt* + twhere GDPt* = ln GDPt, INVt* = ln INVt, TRPt* = ln TRPt, CPIt* = ln CPIt, EXPt* = ln EXPtThe coefficient of each of the four explanatory variables measures the partial elasticity of the dependent variable GDP with respect to that variable. As such, each of the partial regression coefficient 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the partial elasticities of GDP with respect to variables INV, TRP, CPI and EXP respectively.4.4 Explanation of Variables4.4.1Gross domesticated Product (GDP)Gross Domestic Product is used to assess the market value of all final goods and go produced during a given period of time within an economy. It also measures the total income of an economy and as such, it is often correlated with stand ard of living. GDP is used as a reference variable in order to assess the impact of tourism on economic growth in Mauritius. GDP is an important factor used to analyse the development of the tourism sector. As such, in case the tourism sector brings huge foreign earnings, there will be an increase in GDP, suggesting that the economy is flourishing. The GDP figures that are used for the regression have been adjusted for inflation using the GDP deflator.4.4.2 Investment (INV)Investment, which is a major component of the gross domestic product of an economy, refers to the skill of new capital goods. A dogmatic change in investment may lead to a positive change in income and output of an economy in the short run. Higher level of investment may contribute to entirety demand while higher level of income may indirectly impact on consumer demand. Investment, which is an injection in the circular flow of income, is a useful tool to analyse the impact of tourism on the economy of Mauritius .Investment is evaluate to have the same impact on economic growth as propounded by empirical literature, such as Sargent and James (1997) who found a positive impact of physical capital and investment on growth in Canada over the period from 1947 to 1995.4.4.3 Tourism Receipts (TRP)Tourism receipt is a major indicator of the contribution of the tourism sector to the local economy. Tourism receipt represents an inflow of foreign currency in the economy. Such receipts account for a major contribution to the gross domestic product of the Mauritian economy. As such, an increase in tourism earning is expected to have a positive impact on GDP.Most governments in developing countries encourage international tourism because such tourists bring capital to the country. Earnings of currencies permit governments to finance, at least in part, their development efforts.Tourism receipt is expected to impact positively on economic growth as postulated by Balaguer and Cantavella-Jorda (2002) or Dr itsakis (2004) who claimed that economic growth and tourism are interrelated and established tourism as a driver of economic growth.4.4.4 Inflation (CPI)Inflation is defined in economics as a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. As such, it is a sustained increase in the price level and it may be the consequence either of constant falls in aggregate supply or recurring increases in aggregate demand. As a result, inflation erodes the purchasing power of money, that is, there is a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and social unit of account in the economy.An important measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, which can be calculated by taking the annualised percentage change in a general price index over time. This is referred to as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). In Mauritius, the Consumer Price Index is measured by computing the total change over time in the cost of a fixed basket of consumer goo ds and services. It represents changes over time in the general level of prices of goods and services acquired by Mauritian consumers. Inflation is then calculated by comparing the average level of prices during a 12-month period with the average level during the preceding 12-month period.One of the most fundamental objectives of macroeconomic policies of many countries, whether industrialised or developing, is to sustain high economic growth together with low inflation. Inflation can bring nearly uncertainty about the future profitability of investment projects particularly when high inflation is also linked with increased price variability. This would in turn sire more conservative investment strategies, which would ultimately result in lower levels of investment and economic growth.Inflation is expected to have a negative effect on growth as claimed by Barro (1995) who explored the inflation-economic growth relationship using a large sample covering more than 100 countries from 1960 to 1990.4.4.5 Exports (EXP)Export entails the sale of goods and services produced in one country to other countries. There are two types of exporting direct and indirect. For national accounts statistics, exports consist of transactions in goods and services from residents to non-residents. As such, an export of a good represents a change of ownership from a resident to a non-resident this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier while an export of services consists of all services rendered by residents to non-residents.The relationship between export growth, foreign direct investment and economic growth in both developed and developing countries is a question that continues to be of considerable interest. Cross-country trade and capital flows and interpreting the import of these activities towards economic growth lie at the heart of the debate on economic development policy since the early literature on export and economic growth. Export is expected to impact positively on growth as postulated by Feder (1982), who mentioned that exports contribute to economic growth in a variety of shipway economies of scale and incentives for technological improvement. Thus, marginal factor productivities are expected to be higher in export industries than in non-export industries.4.5 Data SourcesFor the purpose of this study, time serial publication data has been used. A time series is an ordered chain of values of a variable at equally spaced time intervals. Time series analysis is used for economic and sales forecasting, budgetary analysis, inventory studies or stock market analysis. It encompasses techniques to investigate data in order to extract meaning(prenominal) statistics and other characteristics of the data.A time series model indicates that observations close together in time will be more closely correlated than observations notwithstanding apart. As such, time series models use the natural one-way ordering of time so that values for a given period can be expressed as deriving in some way from past values.Data has been collected for the period 1976 to 2009. Figures for the explanatory variables namely investment and exports and that for the dependent variable real gross domestic product were obtained from the Central Statistical Office. Data for inflation and tourism receipts was obtained from annual reports of the Bank of Mauritius.4.6 SoftwareThe analysis of data will be done using the Microfit 4.0 software. Before carrying out the regression, the stationarity of the variable should be tested in order to avoid spurious results and invalidity of the model. The ARDL model will be evaluated. Furthermore, a co-integration test shall be performed to determine if an Error Correction Model (ECM) must be used.

Global warming is biggest problem

planetary warming is biggest problemGlobal warming is becoming the biggest problem in the worldly concern and it is constituted one of the most climate changes. Moreover, Howden,(2007) believe that global warming is the mounting slow increase of the earth surface temperature. There is increase circumstance that this change in Earths atmosphere will due to climatic changes and major global problems. There is main reason for global warming by tender-hearted activities includes three beats such as nursery, industrial revolution and deforestation. In addition, this essay explains emergences global warming includes agriculture, livestock, and human health.Firstly, greenhouse gases constitute the major gases in the world and the earths atmosphere consist of natural gases the same as greenhouse gases, but greenhouse gases component of extra gases can be invented by humans. For example, atomic number 6 dioxide, methane, water desiccation, nitrous oxide, ozone and chlorofluorocarbons. Moreover, these gases caused pollution of atmosphere therefore, they increase the earth temperature. In fact, James, ( 2001 ) believe that climate change is determined it sensitivity by forcing sources for example, water vapor is evaporation from oceans , but ozone is invented in the atmosphere by sun light. In addition, earthly concern synthesize the CFS component and to release in to atmosphere. Fin tout ensembley, separate gases such as CO2, CH4, H2O and NO2 are released as a result of biological processes. ( James,2001 )Secondly, industrial revolution has developed through the last two centuries by human activities. In other words, humankind has increased activities since the industrial revolution. The most important carbon dioxide is biggest sources of fossil fuel processes from different types and these types issue huge amount of CO2. Moreover, James,( 2001 ) write that humankind use burning fossil fuel, such as coal, pet positionum and natural gas result in the product of C O2 and other greenhouse gases, which cause the pollution in atmosphere. Finally, the pollution which is a major cause of global warming from transport such as cars and trunks due to the use of fuel.In addition to greenhouse gases and industrial revolution, deforestation may contribute role as effect which forests became drought as a consequence of loss of trees, increasing the range of desertification. Forests cover a large part of the earth surface, but deforestation processes reduce of precious environmental. For example, Howden,( 2007) write that (the land mark stem distinguish the last year, accepted that forests offer the signal largest chance for cost of effective and direct reduction of carbon emission ) . Also it has possible to cause problems on climate change because of increasing of CO2 emission atmosphere.There are three major effects of global warming. The first global warming effect on agriculture that gas emission is being driving force by the agriculture segment to cause climate changing. Moreover, Karki ,( 2008) state that agriculture involves to greenhouse gases rise through practices, irrigation and chemical substances such as herbicides, insecticides. Besides, the environment impact on agriculture in especially power of soil drainage, soil erosion, as a result crops reduce production. In addition, agriculture processes contribute to greenhouse gases emissions for example, CO2 release connected to deforestation, rice cultivation and fermentation in nurture animals release methane and fertilizer use release nitrous oxide. Finally , Karki,( 2008) state that sea level is probable to rise to one meter higher(prenominal) by 2100 and the increased level of sea have a terrible effect on agriculture land loss in specially regions for instance, East Asia, Erosion, submersion .A second global warming effect on Livestock production in a large study in cattle and other animals production depend on stability between water provision and pasturage the ca use of droughts of many areas. Furthermore, live stock activates too give disproportionately to land use impacts because of corps for example, corn and alfalfa are cultured to supply the animals. In addition, lives stock output in the world occupies 70% of all ground used for agriculture, so climate change impact on livestock output. ( Karki, 2008 )Thirdly, warming climate of the earth surface may causes risk on human health thereby resulting in wet air is providing a good medium for growth of bacteria and diseases that they threaten human life. Moreover, Kasotia,(2008) write that Global serious diseases increase in warm regions and air water pollution can be increased by higher temperature, thus, it hurt human health. In addition, enormously hot temperatures raise the figure of persons who die every day for some causes, for example, the concentration of ozone at land level is increased by higher temperatures. Therefore, persons with heart and respiratory diseases are increasing pro blems. Furthermore, ultraviolet ray reach to the earths, but it reduce at atmosphere, so ozone cause many problems such as asthma and other diseases. Finally, climate change may also rise serious infectious diseases for example, malaria.( Kasotia,2008).In summary, global warming considers the most important role in climate changes, and it is major source rising of earths temperature because of greenhouse gases, industry, and deforestation. Other results of climate change include agricultural yield, animals product and increase of diseases. In the upcoming people are trying to reduce the danger of proliferation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, so they will use several methods including the use of solar push, wind energy and hydropower.Reference-HOWDEN, Daniel (2007) Deforestation the hidden cause of global warming onlineLast accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http//www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate- change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734.htmlJAMES, Hansen (2 001), Assessing Progress in Climate Science,online .Last accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10139page=9KARKL, Kedar( 2008 ) effect of climate change in agriculture and livestok productiononline.Last accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http//www.scribd.com/doc/3323985/Effect- of-Climate-change-in-agriculture-and-livestock-productionKASOTIA, Paritosh ( 2008 ) The Health Effects Of Global Warming evolution Countries Are The Most Vulnerable online.Last accessed 9 Nov.2008 at http//www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2007/issue2/0207p48.htm

Angel/Satan Relationship in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Frankenstein Essays

In modern times we are brought face-to-face with the tangible issue of engineered-creation and the desires and fears it inspires. It is a common hope that science should be able to mimic the abilities and power of the God that created us. However, with respect to Mary Shelleys famous novel, Frankenstein, one will find that the desire to play graven image is met with dire consequences. The theme of creation in Frankenstein touches on the notion of how modern science plays God. This is illustrated through the attempt of replicating a human by means of science, use the main character Victor as the god-figure. Unfortunately, Victor Frankenstein did not consider the effect his creation would slang on the outside world and, more importantly, his ingrained self and his creation. From a Christian perspective there is only one creator that can successfully conceive life, and this is God. Obviously if God is not make up in this creating process, and science has instigated t he tariff, the failure of the creation is inevitable. Science cannot create balanced emotions, socially imposed morals, or a soul. Thusly, such a creation would have no moral compass from which to gage the appropriateness of its reactions or behaviors. The person responsible for attempting a god-like role in the name of science should bear the responsibility of whatever may result from such a creation. In the book, the junkie is searching for a way to fit in and find acceptance, so, the Monster turns to discipline the bible. It gives the Monster a small sense of solace and he interprets many of the passages to help him define who he is what his role in this world might be. The Monster of Frankenstein finally admits that he is but a creature of Victor and says, I ought to be thy Adam but I am rather the fallen nonesuch (Shelley, 2000). There is a dual allusion present in this quotation. One is referring to in John Miltons classic Paradise Lost, a tale which is often mentioned in Shelleys Frankenstein. The new(prenominal) is undoubtedly the Creation of Adam and Eve in the Bible itself, not just the allusion given in Paradise Lost. The aforementioned quotation illustrates the very supposition that creation through science is a hollow, damning pursuit as the Monster seems himself for what he is perceived to be.

Norse Mythology :: essays research papers fc

The set aside entitled "NorseMythology" by Karl Mortensen, is the book I chose to read for my firstbook report for this semester. The book was translated from the Danishby A. Clinton Crowell. Karl Mortensen was a doctor of philosophy whom attended the University of Copenhagen.The first part of the book isthe general introduction. Here, you find the conditions meaning of "Norsemythology" and where he got his information. He says,By "Norse mythology" we mean the informationwe have concerning the religious conceptions and usagesof our heathen forefathers, their faith and manner of worshipping the gods, and also their legends and songsabout the gods and heroes. The importation of Christianity drove out the grey heathen faith, butremnants or memories of it long endured in the superstitiousideas of the common people, and can even be tracedin our own day.In the general introduction, the author tells us why we teach Norse mythology. He tells us that for us, Norse mythologyhas in any case the advantage of being the religion of our own forefathers,and finished it we learn to know that religion. This is necessary if wewish to understand the history and poetry of our antiquity and to comprehendwhat good characteristics and what faults Christianity encountered whenit was proclaimed in the North. Finally, it is necessary to know themost important points of the heathen faith of our fathers in order to appreciateand enjoy many of the words of our best poets."Norse Mythology"is comprised of four main divisions. The first section contains the creationmyth, which is extremely confusing because it talks about brothersaunts cousins children from jiffy marriages and what importance theywere in those golden times. Its quite hard to understand, and I hadto read it over double to make sure I understood. The second part of thefirst section discusses the creation of the gods and the stories oftheir lives. And the last part is entitled Ragnorak, whic h stands for theenemies of the gods. All of this was quite interesting to read.The second section of the book talks about common popular belief. It saysthat our forefathers, like other heathen people, found one of the plainestproofs of the souls independence of the body and its ability to calculate ahand in the affairs of living men in the nightmare and dream, as theylacked all other means of explaining those things. They therefore tookit for granted that they were spirits, normally in the form of animals or men.

Childrens Testimony Essay -- essays research papers

Over the last thirty years, the idea of children as witnesses and the accuracy of their testimony has been widely debated. People are inquire themselves if the memories of young children, specifically between the ages of five and ten, can be stainless and in return trusted. So, can childrens memory and testimony be accurate? Prolific amounts of research have been conducted in an attempt to answer this question. Most of the research suggests that unfortunately we can not rely on their accurate imagine in testimony. I would have to say I agree with the findings.The current anxiety about the validity of childrens testimony in court stems by and large from heavily publicized cases of child molestation during the 1980s (Meyer, 1997). As a result of societys reaction to dramatic increases in reports of abuse and neglect, children more and more are being admitted as witnesses in juvenile and criminal proceedings (Ceci & de Bruyn, 1993). Each year hundreds of thousands of children in No rth America become entangled in the legal system. Often these children testify about the alleged actions of a parent, teacher, baby-sitter, relative or neighbor. And when this happens, the case is often decided on the basis of the relative credibility of the child versus the defendant. Regardless of whether such testimony is made in forensic interviews, during preliminary hearings, or at trial, it may result in life fixing decisions for all involved (Ceci & Bruck, 1995).The issue of childrens veracity is not new to the courtroom. There were cases in Puritan times in which youngsters testimony was responsible for the manacles and execution of a number of individuals accused of being witches (Meyer, 1997). Because of this, for both theoretical and practical reasons, many child psychologists, legal professionals, and others have long sought to escort more fully the extent to which young children are able to recall their experiences and to report on them accurately. As part of this effort, there has also been a peachy interest in learning more about the developmental course through which young children acquire the capacity (Stern, Stern, & Lamiell, 1999). To thoroughly understand the subject, we must side closely at several aspects and effects of children as witnesses in the lega... ...esses in Court A Growing Dilemma. Children Today, 22. Franklin, D. (1999). Child Witness credibility. Retrieved 10-02-01 from Psychology Information online Garry, M., & Palaschek, D. L. (2000). imaging and Memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 6-9.Goodman, G. & Levine, M. (1991). Child Witnesses and the Confrontation Clause The American Psychological Association brief in Maryland v. Graig. Law and Human Behavior, 5, 13-29.Koriat, A., Goldsmith, M., Schneider, W., & Nakash-Dura, M. (2001). The Credibilityof Childrens Testimony Can Children Control the Accuracy of Their Memory Reports?. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 79, 405-437.Meyer, J. F. (1997) . Inaccuracies in Childrens Testimony. United States Hawthoren Press.Myers, D. (1996). Exploring Psychology (3rd ed.). cabbage